Benefits of Aeronautical Preform Manufacturing through Arc-Directed Energy Deposition Manufacturing.

The paper introduces an innovative aerospace component production approach employing Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technology to fabricate near-finished preforms from Ti6Al4V titanium. Tensile tests on WAAM Ti6Al4V workpieces demonstrated reliable mechanical properties, albeit with identified anisotropic behavior in horizontal samples, underscoring the need for optimization. This alternative manufacturing strategy addresses the challenges associated with machining forged preforms, marked by a high Buy To Fly (BTF) ratio (>10), leading to material wastage, prolonged machining durations, elevated tool expenses, and heightened waste and energy consumption. Additionally, logistical and storage costs are increased due to extended delivery timelines, exacerbated by supply issues related to the current unstable situation. The utilization of WAAM significantly mitigates initial BTF, preform costs, waste production, machining durations, and associated expenditures, while notably reducing lead times from months to mere hours. The novelty in this study lies in the application of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technology for the fabrication of titanium aircraft components. This approach includes a unique height compensation strategy and the implementation of various deposition strategies, such as single-seam, overlapping, and oscillating.

Distribución de enfermeras por Unidades de pacientes agudos y Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos en España / Allocation of nurses by acute or Intensive Care Units in Spain

En el contexto sociodemográfico y económico en el que nos encontramos, es necesario que los sistemas sanitarios, potencien la promoción y prevención de la salud e implementen nuevas estrategias para atender a la población. En España se aprecia un importante déficit de enfermeras, con respecto a los países de nuestro entorno. Este déficit implica un aumento de la ratio enfermera-paciente, lo que conlleva un incremento de la morbi-mortalidad de la población y un aumento de costes. Los objetivos de este estudio son conocer la distribución de enfermeras en España en entornos de pacientes agudos y analizar las necesidades por provincias, así como compararlo con las ratios de seguridad recomendadas por organismos oficiales. Para ello se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal multicéntrico durante 2016. Del análisis de los datos se desprende que la media de pacientes por enfermera y turno es elevada en unidades de agudos polivalentes, situación que se agrava en los turnos de noche, fines de semana y festivos. Y por lo tanto ninguna Comunidad Autónoma cumple en todos los turnos de trabajo las ratios recomendadas. En las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, en todas las Comunidades Autónomas, en todos los turnos, están por encima de dos pacientes por enfermera por lo que tampoco se sitúan en estándares recomendados. Es necesario, junto con un cambio de modelo sanitario, incorporar enfermeras al sistema nacional de salud, ya que esto aportara retornos económicos, sociales y de salud

In the socio-demographic and economic context in which we are, it is necessary that the health systems empower health promotion and prevention and implement new strategies to assist the population. In Spain there is a significant deficit in nurses with respect to other countries of our surroundings. This deficit implies an increase in the ratio patient-nurse, which leads to an increase in the morbi-mortality of the population and an increase of the costs. The objectives of this study are to know the distribution of nurses in Spain in acute patient settings and to analyze the needs provinces, as well as to compare it with the safety ratios recommended by official bodies. To this end, a multicentric cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out during 2016. From the analysis of the data it is discovered that both at the level of the province and Autonomous Community, the average number of patients per nurse and shift is high in acute polyvalent care units, a situation that gets worse in night shifts, weekends and holidays. Therefore, no Autonomous Community fulfills the recommended ratios in all shifts. In Intensive Care Units, in all Autonomous Communities, in all shifts, they are above two patients per nurse, so they are not placed within the recommended standards either. It is necessary, together with a change of the health model, to incorporate nurses into the national health system, since this will provide economic, social and health returns

Analysis of the Machining Process of Inconel 718 Parts Manufactured by Laser Metal Deposition.

Laser metal deposition (LMD) is an additive manufacturing process that allows the manufacturing of near-net-shape products. This could mean significant savings in terms of materials and costs in the manufacturing of high-performance components for the aeronautical industry. In this work, an analysis of how the LMD processing of alloy 718 affects the final machining has been carried out. For this purpose, a comparative study has been done by means of the monitoring of the end milling process of a part manufactured by LMD and a rough-milled part from forged material. Differences between process outputs such as chip morphology and cutting forces were studied. Material characteristics such as microstructure, hardness and mechanical properties were also analyzed.

Qué hace el cuidador familiar en el hospital. Cómo se ve a sí mismo y cómo lo ven los profesionales / The role of the family caregivers in the hospital. Their self-concept and how they are seen by health professionals

Los cuidadores familiares han sido ampliamente estudiados en el ámbito domiciliario y de la atención primaria pero prácticamente no existen estudios que incidan sobre su realidad dentro de los hospitales. Con un enfoque cuantitativo y diseño descriptivo transversal mediante el uso de cuestionarios validados al efecto realizado a familiares que cuidan a ancianos ingresados en los hospitales se conoce el perfil de los mismos, qué actividades realizan y qué valoración hacen de ellos los profesionales de enfermería. Como conclusiones principales destacar: a) Las principales actividades del cuidador familiar en el hospital son de acompañamiento, entretenimiento, soporte emocional e intermediación. b) El desconocimiento de la actividad inhiben al cuidador familiar a realizar más actividades. c) Si se educa y entrena al cuidador familiar en las actividades de cuidado, se harán más. d) Los profesionales desconocen lo que los familiares dicen que hacen. No consideran que muchas de las acciones del cuidador sean realmente cuidados. Creen que los cuidadores familiares no ayudan tanto como ellos esperan al cuidado básico de los ancianos ingresados (AU)

Family caregivers have been widely studied in the home and primary care but virtually do no exits studies which influence the reality in hospitals. With a quantitative approach and cross-sectional design using questionnaires validated for that purpose made to relatives who care for elderly people in hospitals is called the profile them, what activities do and what makes them value the nurses. As main findings include: a) The main activities of family caregivers in the hospital are accompanying, entertainment, emotional support and brokerage. b) Lack of activity inhibit the family caregiver to be more active. c) If you educate and train the family caregiver in activities of care, will be more. d) Professionals know what family members say they do. Do not think that many of the actions of the caregiver are really cares. They believe that family caregivers do not help as much as they expect the basic care of hospitalized elders (AU)

Estilo cognitivo reflexividad-impulsividad en escolares con alto nivel intelectual: reflexivity-impulsivity among school children with high intelectual level / Cognitive style

Los estilos cognitivos son definidos como estrategias habituales y estables que determinan los modos de percibir, recordar, pensar y solucionar problemas. El estilo cognitivo reflexividad-impulsividad hace referencia a la preferencia mostrada por las personas para responder rápidamente versus quien prefiere hacerlo de forma pausada para reducir el número de errores en tareas de resolución de problemas. La relación entre reflexividad-impulsividad y alto nivel de CI no está completamente aclarada. Nuestro objetivo fue conocer qué dimensión del estilo cognitivo reflexividad-impulsividad podemos considerar como característica propia de los alumnos con alto nivel de inteligencia psicométrica. Se evaluó el CI de 50 estudiantes de primaria y secundaria con la escala de inteligencia de Wechsler revisada para niños, así como su estilo cognitivo reflexividad-impulsividad con el test de Emparejamiento de Figuras Familiares. Asimismo, fueron evaluados con las Escalas para la valoración de las características de comportamiento de estudiantes superiores de Renzulli. Los resultados muestran que hay una mayor frecuencia de estudiantes con CI alto (superior a 130 en la escala de Wechsler) que manifiestan un estilo cognitivo reflexivo.

Cognitive styles are a stable attitudes, preferences, or habitual strategies that determine individuals' modes of perceiving, remembering, thinking, and problem solving. The impulsivity-reflectivity cognitive style refers preference for making responses quickly versus pausing to decrease the number of errors in problem-solving situations. Relationships between impulsivity-reflectivity and intelligence are still not clear. The aim of this project was to know what impulsivity-reflectivity dimension can be considered more common in gifted children assessed by a standard IQ test. 50 primary and secondary school children were assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-r), the Renzulli Scale for Rating Behavioural Characteristics of Talented and Gifted Students, and the Matching Familiar Figures Test. Results suggest high IQ students (over 130 in WISC-r) were more likely to show a reflectivity cognitive style.

Plantilla de enfermería y demanda de cuidados de ancianos hospitalizados, ¿son suficientes los recursos? / Nursing staff and care needs in hospitalized elders, are there enough resources?

Introducción: El aumento de la población de personas mayoresde 65 años hace cada vez más frecuente su ingreso enlos hospitales. El tiempo de estancia hospitalaria de los ancianossuele ser más prolongado que el del resto de pacientes.Objetivo: Analizar la capacidad de prestación de cuidadosde 3 unidades de hospitalización de un hospital público ycompararla con la demanda de cuidados de los ancianos.Métodos: Estudio prospectivo observacional en 3 unidadesde hospitalización de medicina interna de un hospital universitariode la red pública de Andalucía (España). Se ha incluidouna muestra de 190 pacientes ancianos hospitalizados.Las variables recogidas fueron: demográficas, relacionadascon la hospitalización, demanda de cuidados y capacidadde prestación de cuidados de la plantilla de enfermería. Losdatos se han obtenido del sistema de información del hospital,del conjunto mínimo básico de datos de pacientes y porobservación directa mediante el método de nivel de cuidados(MNC). Resultados: La edad media de los ancianos hospitalizadosfue de 77,4 años, con 21,1% de mayores de 85años. La estancia media fue de 15,68 días. La estimación dela capacidad de prestación de cuidados de la plantilla de en fermería fue de 2,8 horas/paciente/día (con un índice de enfermerastituladas del 60%). A partir de la medición de nivelesde dependencia, la demanda de cuidados media de losancianos fue de 4,9 horas/paciente/día. Esta diferencia suponeun déficit anual de 51 profesionales de enfermería en laplantilla de las 3 unidades de hospitalización. Los factoresque influyen en la demanda de cuidados de los ancianos sonla edad, días de estancia hospitalaria, el diagnóstico médico yel destino del paciente al alta. También se encuentra una relacióncon la presencia de un familiar acompañando al paciente(cuidador familiar). Los cuidados básicos representanun 65,7% del total de cuidados requeridos. Conclusiones:La proporción de ancianos frágiles ingresados en los hospitalesestá en aumento. La demanda de cuidados de los ancianoses mayor que la capacidad de provisión de la plantilla deenfermería del hospital, lo cual genera un déficit que tieneque ser asumido por los cuidadores familiares

Introduction: The increase in the elders’ population makesmore and more frequent its admittance in hospitals. Thehospital stay of the elder patients is usually longer than therest of patients. Aim: To analyze the care delivery capacityin 3 units of the hospital and to compare it with the needsfor care of the elders. Methods: Observational and prospectivestudy in 3 Internal medicine units in an universityhospital belonging to the Andalusian Health Service(Spain). A sample of 190 hospitalized elders has been included.Variables reported were: demographics, hospitalization-related, needs for care and care delivery capacity of thenursing staff. Data were extracted by the Hospital informationsystem, the minimum basic set of data and by directobservation applying the method of level of care. Results:The median age of the elders was 77.4 years, a21.1% of the patients were older than 85 years. The hospitalstay was 15.68 days as average. The nursing staf has acare delivery capacity of 2.8 hours/patient/day (with askill-mix of RN 60%). According to the dependence level,the need for care of the elders was 4.9 hours/patient/day, asaverage. This gap means a lack of 51 nurses each year, among the 3 units. Factors influencing the needs for care ofelders were: age, hospital stay, medical diagnosis and dischargedestination. There is a relation also with the presenceof a relative accompanying to the patient (family caregiver).The proportion of basic care was a 65.7% of the totalamount of care. Conclusions: The rate of frail elders inthe hospitals is increasing. The needs for care of the eldersare higher than capacity for care delivery of nursing staff,so a shortage is created that can be taken up by family caregivers (AU)

New easy approach to the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted and 2,4,5-trisubstituted 1,3-oxazoles. The reaction of 1-(methylthio)acetone with nitriles.

The reaction of 1-(methylthio)acetone with different nitriles in the presence of triflic anhydride led to the one-pot formation of 2-substituted 5-methyl-4-methylthio-1,3-oxazoles in good yield. 1,2- and 1,4-Bisozaxolyl-substituted benzenes were obtained when the reaction was carried out using aromatic dinitriles. The methylthio group at the C4 position of the oxazole ring was easily removed with Raney nickel to form 2-substituted 5-methyl-1,3-oxazoles in good yields. 4-Methylsulfonyl derivatives were prepared by the oxidation of the MeS group with m-CPBA. The proposed mechanism for the formation of oxazoles involves an unstable 1-(methylthio)-2-oxopropyl triflate, which was detected from the low-temperature NMR spectra.

Stereoselective one-pot synthesis of substituted (4Z)-2-alkyl-4-benzylidene- 4H-1,3-benzothiazines.

Substituted (4Z)-4-benzylidene-2-methyl-4H-1,3-benzothiazines (1). and (4Z)-2-ethyl-4-benzylidene-4H-1,3-benzothiazines (2). were synthesized by direct stereoselective reactions of S-phenyl ethanethioate or S-phenyl propanethioate with substituted benzyl nitriles in the presence of triflic anhydride.